Towards Cardiac Output Estimation Using Earbud Photoplethysmography Sensor

47th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · 2025

Authors#

Larry Zhang, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Mehrab Bin Morshed, Li Zhu, Hao Zhou, J. O’Bryan, Wendy Berry Mendes, Jilong Kuang

DOI

Abstract#

Cardiac Output (CO) monitoring is vital for tracking cardiovascular health. In medical settings, cardiac output is monitored invasively, posing physical limitations and making it difficult to monitor CO continuously. In contrast, we leveraged an earbud PPG to non-invasively and continuously monitor CO. Among 11 selected subjects for model development, we observed an MAE of 1.53 L/min and an MAPE of 18.82%. By considering signal quality and PPG morphology, we can improve CO prediction. Our results present an opportunity to lower the barrier for noninvasive PPG-based CO monitoring.